The memory of Stepan Bandera is, indeed, a politically explosive subject which has given rise to multiple controversies, in Ukraine itself but also on the international scene. As a reminder, it was under the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko, after the “orange revolution” of 2004, that the Ukrainian government, for the first time, conducted a policy aimed at rehabilitating the memory of Bandera. This policy culminated with Yushchenko’s decision to award him the title of national hero, the day after the first round of the 2010 presidential election. This decision – which was later invalidated by the courts – provoked extremely negative reactions, in Ukraine by pro-Russian candidate Viktor Yanukovych; in Poland, because the “banderists” are associated with the massacres of the Poles of Volhynia, between 1942 and 1944; in Moscow, where Vladimir Putin at the time called Yushchenko’s gesture an “offense” to Russia (Bandera having fought the USSR); but also in the Jewish community, because of the anti-Semitism of the “Banderists” and their participation in the massacres of Jewish populations during the Second World War. Banished under Yanukovych, the cult of Bandera experienced a new boom during the Maidan revolution in 2014. What is interesting to remember on this specific point is that if he indeed remained a figure venerated by the extreme right, it ceased to belong to him. As historian Andri Portnov recalls, many of the people who reclaimed the figure of Bandera during the Maidan revolution “were almost unaware of his political opinions and methods, which were far removed from the democratic ideals of Maidan”. Thomas Wieder (Berlin, correspondent)
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